However, both agreed that if physiological sensations could be removed, there would be no emotional experience. He made James's theory more testable and applicable to real life examples. Lange reinterpreted James's theory by operationalizing it. For example, a person who is crying reasons that he must be sad. Although James did talk about the physiology associated with an emotion, he was more focused on conscious emotion and the conscious experience of emotion. Both theorists defined emotion as a feeling of physiological changes due to a stimulus, but the theorists focused on different aspects of emotion. Physician Carl Lange developed similar ideas independently in 1885. The rage is as completely evaporated as the sensation of its so-called manifestations. Can one fancy the state of rage and picture no ebullition of it in the chest, no flushing of the face, no dilatation of the nostrils, no clenching of the teeth, no impulse to vigorous action, but in their stead limp muscles, calm breathing, and a placid face? The present writer, for one, certainly cannot. … What kind of an emotion of fear would be left, if the feelings neither of quickened heart-beats nor of shallow breathing, neither of trembling lips nor of weakened limbs, neither of goose-flesh nor of visceral stirrings, were present, it is quite impossible to think. If we fancy some strong emotion, and then try to abstract from our consciousness of it all the feelings of its characteristic bodily symptoms, we find we have nothing left behind, no "mind-stuff" out of which the emotion can be constituted, and that a cold and neutral state of intellectual perception is all that remains. In his words, "our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion." James argued: In 1884, psychologist and philosopher William James proposed that physiological changes actually precede emotions, which are equivalent to our subjective experience of physiological changes, and are experienced as feelings. Įmotions are often assumed to be judgments about a situation that cause feelings and physiological changes. In 2002, a research paper on the autonomic nervous system stated that the theory has been "hard to disprove". Psychologist Tim Dalgleish states that most modern affective neuroscientists would support such a viewpoint. Modern theorists have built on its ideas by proposing that the experience of emotion is modulated by both physiological feedback and other information, rather than consisting solely of bodily changes, as James suggested. The theory has been criticized and modified over the course of time, as one of several competing theories of emotion. It proposes that each specific category of emotion is attached to a unique and different pattern of physiological arousal and emotional behavior in reaction due to an exciting stimulus. Instead of feeling an emotion and subsequent physiological (bodily) response, the theory proposes that the physiological change is primary, and emotion is then experienced when the brain reacts to the information received via the body's nervous system. The basic premise of the theory is that physiological arousal instigates the experience of emotion. It was developed by philosopher John Dewey and named for two 19th-century scholars, William James and Carl Lange (see modern criticism for more on the theory's origin). The James–Lange theory is a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions and is one of the earliest theories of emotion within modern psychology. Hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions
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